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<div class="tutorial-container" style="max-width: 960px; margin: 80px auto 40px; padding: 0 20px;"><div class="tutorial-sidebar"><h3>目录</h3><a href="0.html">1. 简介</a><a href="1.html">2. Python历史</a><a href="2.html">3. 安装Python</a><a href="3.html">3.1. Python解释器</a><a href="4.html">4. 第一个Python程序</a><a href="5.html">4.1. 使用文本编辑器</a><a href="6.html">4.2. 输入和输出</a><a href="7.html">5. Python基础</a><a href="8.html">5.1. 数据类型和变量</a><a href="9.html">5.2. 字符串和编码</a><a href="10.html">5.3. 使用list和tuple</a><a href="11.html">5.4. 条件判断</a><a href="12.html">5.5. 模式匹配</a><a href="13.html">5.6. 循环</a><a href="14.html">5.7. 使用dict和set</a><a href="15.html">6. 函数</a><a href="16.html">6.1. 调用函数</a><a href="17.html">6.2. 定义函数</a><a href="18.html">6.3. 函数的参数</a><a href="19.html">6.4. 递归函数</a><a href="20.html">7. 高级特性</a><a href="21.html">7.1. 切片</a><a href="22.html">7.2. 迭代</a><a href="23.html">7.3. 列表生成式</a><a href="24.html">7.4. 生成器</a><a href="25.html">7.5. 迭代器</a><a href="26.html">8. 函数式编程</a><a href="27.html">8.1. 高阶函数</a><a href="28.html">8.1.1. map/reduce</a><a href="29.html">8.1.2. filter</a><a href="30.html">8.1.3. sorted</a><a href="31.html">8.2. 返回函数</a><a href="32.html">8.3. 匿名函数</a><a href="33.html">8.4. 装饰器</a><a href="34.html">8.5. 偏函数</a><a href="35.html">9. 模块</a><a href="36.html">9.1. 使用模块</a><a href="37.html">9.2. 安装第三方模块</a><a href="38.html">10. 面向对象编程</a><a href="39.html">10.1. 类和实例</a><a href="40.html">10.2. 访问限制</a><a href="41.html">10.3. 继承和多态</a><a href="42.html">10.4. 获取对象信息</a><a href="43.html">10.5. 实例属性和类属性</a><a href="44.html">11. 面向对象高级编程</a><a href="45.html">11.1. 使用__slots__</a><a href="46.html">11.2. 使用@property</a><a href="47.html">11.3. 多重继承</a><a href="48.html">11.4. 定制类</a><a href="49.html">11.5. 使用枚举类</a><a href="50.html">11.6. 使用元类</a><a href="51.html">12. 错误、调试和测试</a><a href="52.html">12.1. 错误处理</a><a href="53.html">12.2. 调试</a><a href="54.html">12.3. 单元测试</a><a href="55.html">12.4. 文档测试</a><a href="56.html">13. IO编程</a><a href="57.html">13.1. 文件读写</a><a href="58.html">13.2. StringIO和BytesIO</a><a href="59.html">13.3. 操作文件和目录</a><a href="60.html">13.4. 序列化</a><a href="61.html">14. 进程和线程</a><a href="62.html">14.1. 多进程</a><a href="63.html">14.2. 多线程</a><a href="64.html">14.3. ThreadLocal</a><a href="65.html">14.4. 进程 vs. 线程</a><a href="66.html">14.5. 分布式进程</a><a href="67.html">15. 正则表达式</a><a href="68.html">16. 常用内建模块</a><a href="69.html">16.1. datetime</a><a href="70.html">16.2. collections</a><a href="71.html">16.3. argparse</a><a href="72.html">16.4. base64</a><a href="73.html">16.5. struct</a><a href="74.html">16.6. hashlib</a><a href="75.html">16.7. hmac</a><a href="76.html">16.8. itertools</a><a href="77.html">16.9. contextlib</a><a href="78.html">16.10. urllib</a><a href="79.html">16.11. XML</a><a href="80.html">16.12. HTMLParser</a><a href="81.html">16.13. venv</a><a href="82.html">17. 常用第三方模块</a><a href="83.html">17.1. Pillow</a><a href="84.html">17.2. requests</a><a href="85.html">17.3. chardet</a><a href="86.html">17.4. psutil</a><a href="87.html">18. 图形界面</a><a href="88.html">18.1. 海龟绘图</a><a href="89.html">19. 网络编程</a><a href="90.html">19.1. TCP/IP简介</a><a href="91.html">19.2. TCP编程</a><a href="92.html">19.3. UDP编程</a><a href="93.html">20. 电子邮件</a><a href="94.html">20.1. SMTP发送邮件</a><a href="95.html">20.2. POP3收取邮件</a><a href="96.html">21. 访问数据库</a><a href="97.html">21.1. 使用SQLite</a><a href="98.html">21.2. 使用MySQL</a><a href="99.html">21.3. 使用SQLAlchemy</a><a href="100.html">22. Web开发</a><a href="101.html">22.1. HTTP协议简介</a><a href="102.html">22.2. HTML简介</a><a href="103.html">22.3. WSGI接口</a><a href="104.html">22.4. 使用Web框架</a><a href="105.html">22.5. 使用模板</a><a href="106.html">23. 异步IO</a><a href="107.html">23.1. 协程</a><a href="108.html">23.2. 使用asyncio</a><a href="109.html">23.3. 使用aiohttp</a><a href="110.html">24. FAQ</a><a href="111.html">25. 期末总结</a></div><div class="tutorial-content"><h1>17.4. psutil</h1><div class="tutorial-body"><p>在Python中获取系统信息的另一个好办法是使用<code>psutil</code>这个第三方模块。顾名思义，psutil = process and system utilities，它不仅可以通过一两行代码实现系统监控，还可以跨平台使用，支持Linux／UNIX／OSX／Windows等，是系统管理员和运维小伙伴不可或缺的必备模块。</p>
<h3>安装psutil</h3>
<p>如果安装了Anaconda，<code>psutil</code>就已经可用了。否则，需要在命令行下通过pip安装：</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code class="language-text">$ pip install psutil
</code></pre>
<p>如果遇到Permission denied安装失败，请加上sudo重试。</p>
<h3>获取CPU信息</h3>
<p>我们先来获取CPU的信息：</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code class="language-plain">>>> import psutil
>>> psutil.cpu_count() # CPU逻辑数量
4
>>> psutil.cpu_count(logical=False) # CPU物理核心
2
# 2说明是双核超线程, 4则是4核非超线程
</code></pre>
<p>统计CPU的用户／系统／空闲时间：</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code class="language-plain">>>> psutil.cpu_times()
scputimes(user=10963.31, nice=0.0, system=5138.67, idle=356102.45)
</code></pre>
<p>再实现类似<code>top</code>命令的CPU使用率，每秒刷新一次，累计10次：</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code class="language-plain">>>> for x in range(10):
... print(psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1, percpu=True))
...
[14.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0]
[12.0, 3.0, 4.0, 3.0]
[8.0, 4.0, 3.0, 4.0]
[12.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0]
[18.8, 5.1, 5.9, 5.0]
[10.9, 5.0, 4.0, 3.0]
[12.0, 5.0, 4.0, 5.0]
[15.0, 5.0, 4.0, 4.0]
[19.0, 5.0, 5.0, 4.0]
[9.0, 3.0, 2.0, 3.0]
</code></pre>
<h3>获取内存信息</h3>
<p>使用<code>psutil</code>获取物理内存和交换内存信息，分别使用：</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code class="language-plain">>>> psutil.virtual_memory()
svmem(total=8589934592, available=2866520064, percent=66.6, used=7201386496, free=216178688, active=3342192640, inactive=2650341376, wired=1208852480)
>>> psutil.swap_memory()
sswap(total=1073741824, used=150732800, free=923009024, percent=14.0, sin=10705981440, sout=40353792)
</code></pre>
<p>返回的是字节为单位的整数，可以看到，总内存大小是8589934592 = 8 GB，已用7201386496 = 6.7 GB，使用了66.6%。</p>
<p>而交换区大小是1073741824 = 1 GB。</p>
<h3>获取磁盘信息</h3>
<p>可以通过<code>psutil</code>获取磁盘分区、磁盘使用率和磁盘IO信息：</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code class="language-plain">>>> psutil.disk_partitions() # 磁盘分区信息
[sdiskpart(device='/dev/disk1', mountpoint='/', fstype='hfs', opts='rw,local,rootfs,dovolfs,journaled,multilabel')]
>>> psutil.disk_usage('/') # 磁盘使用情况
sdiskusage(total=998982549504, used=390880133120, free=607840272384, percent=39.1)
>>> psutil.disk_io_counters() # 磁盘IO
sdiskio(read_count=988513, write_count=274457, read_bytes=14856830464, write_bytes=17509420032, read_time=2228966, write_time=1618405)
</code></pre>
<p>可以看到，磁盘<code>'/'</code>的总容量是998982549504 = 930 GB，使用了39.1%。文件格式是HFS，<code>opts</code>中包含<code>rw</code>表示可读写，<code>journaled</code>表示支持日志。</p>
<h3>获取网络信息</h3>
<p>psutil可以获取网络接口和网络连接信息：</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code class="language-plain">>>> psutil.net_io_counters() # 获取网络读写字节／包的个数
snetio(bytes_sent=3885744870, bytes_recv=10357676702, packets_sent=10613069, packets_recv=10423357, errin=0, errout=0, dropin=0, dropout=0)
>>> psutil.net_if_addrs() # 获取网络接口信息
{
'lo0': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='127.0.0.1', netmask='255.0.0.0'), ...],
'en1': [snic(family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, address='10.0.1.80', netmask='255.255.255.0'), ...],
'en0': [...],
'en2': [...],
'bridge0': [...]
}
>>> psutil.net_if_stats() # 获取网络接口状态
{
'lo0': snicstats(isup=True, duplex=<NicDuplex.NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN: 0>, speed=0, mtu=16384),
'en0': snicstats(isup=True, duplex=<NicDuplex.NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN: 0>, speed=0, mtu=1500),
'en1': snicstats(...),
'en2': snicstats(...),
'bridge0': snicstats(...)
}
</code></pre>
<p>要获取当前网络连接信息，使用<code>net_connections()</code>：</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code class="language-plain">>>> psutil.net_connections()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
PermissionError: [Errno 1] Operation not permitted
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
psutil.AccessDenied: psutil.AccessDenied (pid=3847)
</code></pre>
<p>你可能会得到一个<code>AccessDenied</code>错误，原因是psutil获取信息也是要走系统接口，而获取网络连接信息需要root权限，这种情况下，可以退出Python交互环境，用<code>sudo</code>重新启动：</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code class="language-plain">$ sudo python3
Password: ******
Python 3.8 ... on darwin
Type "help", ... for more information.
>>> import psutil
>>> psutil.net_connections()
[
sconn(fd=83, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 30>, type=1, laddr=addr(ip='::127.0.0.1', port=62911), raddr=addr(ip='::127.0.0.1', port=3306), status='ESTABLISHED', pid=3725),
sconn(fd=84, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 30>, type=1, laddr=addr(ip='::127.0.0.1', port=62905), raddr=addr(ip='::127.0.0.1', port=3306), status='ESTABLISHED', pid=3725),
sconn(fd=93, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 30>, type=1, laddr=addr(ip='::', port=8080), raddr=(), status='LISTEN', pid=3725),
sconn(fd=103, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 30>, type=1, laddr=addr(ip='::127.0.0.1', port=62918), raddr=addr(ip='::127.0.0.1', port=3306), status='ESTABLISHED', pid=3725),
sconn(fd=105, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 30>, type=1, ..., pid=3725),
sconn(fd=106, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 30>, type=1, ..., pid=3725),
sconn(fd=107, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET6: 30>, type=1, ..., pid=3725),
...
sconn(fd=27, family=<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, type=2, ..., pid=1)
]
</code></pre>
<h3>获取进程信息</h3>
<p>通过psutil可以获取到所有进程的详细信息：</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code class="language-plain">>>> psutil.pids() # 所有进程ID
[3865, 3864, 3863, 3856, 3855, 3853, 3776, ..., 45, 44, 1, 0]
>>> p = psutil.Process(3776) # 获取指定进程ID=3776，其实就是当前Python交互环境
>>> p.name() # 进程名称
'python3.6'
>>> p.exe() # 进程exe路径
'/Users/michael/anaconda3/bin/python3.6'
>>> p.cwd() # 进程工作目录
'/Users/michael'
>>> p.cmdline() # 进程启动的命令行
['python3']
>>> p.ppid() # 父进程ID
3765
>>> p.parent() # 父进程
<psutil.Process(pid=3765, name='bash') at 4503144040>
>>> p.children() # 子进程列表
[]
>>> p.status() # 进程状态
'running'
>>> p.username() # 进程用户名
'michael'
>>> p.create_time() # 进程创建时间
1511052731.120333
>>> p.terminal() # 进程终端
'/dev/ttys002'
>>> p.cpu_times() # 进程使用的CPU时间
pcputimes(user=0.081150144, system=0.053269812, children_user=0.0, children_system=0.0)
>>> p.memory_info() # 进程使用的内存
pmem(rss=8310784, vms=2481725440, pfaults=3207, pageins=18)
>>> p.open_files() # 进程打开的文件
[]
>>> p.connections() # 进程相关网络连接
[]
>>> p.num_threads() # 进程的线程数量
1
>>> p.threads() # 所有线程信息
[pthread(id=1, user_time=0.090318, system_time=0.062736)]
>>> p.environ() # 进程环境变量
{'SHELL': '/bin/bash', 'PATH': '/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:...', 'PWD': '/Users/michael', 'LANG': 'zh_CN.UTF-8', ...}
>>> p.terminate() # 结束进程
Terminated: 15 <-- 自己把自己结束了
</code></pre>
<p>和获取网络连接类似，获取一个root用户的进程需要root权限，启动Python交互环境或者<code>.py</code>文件时，需要<code>sudo</code>权限。</p>
<p>psutil还提供了一个<code>test()</code>函数，可以模拟出<code>ps</code>命令的效果：</p>
<pre class="hljs"><code class="language-plain">$ sudo python3
Password: ******
Python 3.6.3 ... on darwin
Type "help", ... for more information.
>>> import psutil
>>> psutil.test()
USER PID %MEM VSZ RSS TTY START TIME COMMAND
root 0 24.0 74270628 2016380 ? Nov18 40:51 kernel_task
root 1 0.1 2494140 9484 ? Nov18 01:39 launchd
root 44 0.4 2519872 36404 ? Nov18 02:02 UserEventAgent
root 45 ? 2474032 1516 ? Nov18 00:14 syslogd
root 47 0.1 2504768 8912 ? Nov18 00:03 kextd
root 48 0.1 2505544 4720 ? Nov18 00:19 fseventsd
_appleeven 52 0.1 2499748 5024 ? Nov18 00:00 appleeventsd
root 53 0.1 2500592 6132 ? Nov18 00:02 configd
...
</code></pre>
<h3>小结</h3>
<p><code>psutil</code>使得Python程序获取系统信息变得易如反掌。</p>
<p><code>psutil</code>还可以获取用户信息、Windows服务等很多有用的系统信息，具体请参考<code>psutil</code>的官网：<a href="https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil" target="_blank">https://github.com/giampaolo/psutil</a></p>
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